The PHREG Procedure
Influence of Observations on Overall Fit of the Model
The LD statistic
approximates the likelihood displacement, which is the amount by which minus twice the log likelihood (
), under a fitted model, changes when each subject in turn is left out. When the ith subject is omitted, the likelihood displacement is
where 
is the vector of parameter estimates obtained by fitting the model without the ith subject. Instead of refitting the model without the ith subject, Pettitt and Bin Daud (1989) propose that the likelihood displacement for the ith subject be approximated by
where 
is the score residual vector of the ith subject. This approximation is output to the LD= variable.
The LMAX statistic is another global influence statistic. This statistic is based on the symmetric matrix
where 
is the matrix with rows that are the score residual vectors 
. The elements of the eigenvector associated with the largest eigenvalue of the matrix 
, standardized to unit length, give a measure of the sensitivity of the fit of the model to each observation in the data. The influence of the ith subject on the global fit of the model is proportional to the magnitude of 
, where is the ith element of the vector 
that satisfies
with 
being the largest eigenvalue of . The sign of is irrelevant, and its absolute value is output to the LMAX= variable.
When the counting process MODEL specification is used, the LD= and LMAX= variables are set to missing, because these two global influence statistics can be calculated on a per-subject basis only.