A quantile level is extremal if
is equal to or approaching 0 or 1. The solution for an extremal quantile-level quantile regression problem can be nonunique because the parameter estimate of the intercept effect can be arbitrarily small or large. In a quantile process regression toward the direction of the specified extremal quantile level, the tightest solution refers to the first solution whose quantile-level range includes the specified extremal quantile level. Among all the valid solutions for an extremal quantile-level quantile regression problem, the tightest solution can generalize the terminology of sample minimum and sample maximum.
The QUANTSELECT procedure computes the tightest solution for an extremal quantile-level quantile regression problem by using the ALGORITHM=SIMPLEX algorithm. If ,
is not extremal. Otherwise, follow these steps: