The GLM Procedure

(View the complete code for this example.)

Milliken and Johnson (1984) present an example of an unbalanced mixed model. Three machines, which are considered as a fixed effect, and six employees, which are considered a random effect, are studied. Each employee operates each machine for either one, two, or three different times. The dependent variable is an overall rating, which takes into account the number and quality of components produced.

The following statements form the data set and perform a mixed model analysis of variance by requesting the TEST option in the RANDOM statement. Note that the machine*person interaction is declared as a random effect; in general, when an interaction involves a random effect, it too should be declared as random. The results of the analysis are shown in Output 47.8.1 through Output 47.8.4.

data machine;
   input machine person rating @@;
   datalines;
1 1 52.0  1 2 51.8  1 2 52.8  1 3 60.0  1 4 51.1  1 4 52.3  1 5 50.9
1 5 51.8  1 5 51.4  1 6 46.4  1 6 44.8  1 6 49.2  2 1 64.0  2 2 59.7
2 2 60.0  2 2 59.0  2 3 68.6  2 3 65.8  2 4 63.2  2 4 62.8  2 4 62.2
2 5 64.8  2 5 65.0  2 6 43.7  2 6 44.2  2 6 43.0  3 1 67.5  3 1 67.2
3 1 66.9  3 2 61.5  3 2 61.7  3 2 62.3  3 3 70.8  3 3 70.6  3 3 71.0
3 4 64.1  3 4 66.2  3 4 64.0  3 5 72.1  3 5 72.0  3 5 71.1  3 6 62.0
3 6 61.4  3 6 60.5
;

proc glm data=machine;
   class machine person;
   model rating=machine person machine*person;
   random person machine*person / test;
run;

The TEST option in the RANDOM statement requests that PROC GLM determine the appropriate F tests based on person and machine*person being treated as random effects. As you can see in Output 47.8.4, this requires that a linear combination of mean squares be constructed to test both the machine and person hypotheses; thus, F tests that use Satterthwaite approximations are needed.

Note that you can also use the MIXED procedure to analyze mixed models. The following statements use PROC MIXED to reproduce the mixed model analysis of variance; the relevant part of the PROC MIXED results is shown in Output 47.8.5.

proc mixed data=machine method=type3;
   class machine person;
   model rating = machine;
   random person machine*person;
run;

The advantage of PROC MIXED is that it offers more versatility for mixed models; the disadvantage is that it can be less computationally efficient for large data sets. See Chapter 78: The MIXED Procedure, for more details.